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An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Essay Essay Example

An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Essay Example An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Essay An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Essay Exposition Topic: Writing An Inspector Calls was composed by J. B Priestly. It is set inside a modern town of Brumley. The play is a secret dramatization which investigates numerous sort of subjects, for example, love, obligation, lies and class and change. Obligation is the primary topic of the play. We see it happening ordinarily in the play. It shows that the entirety of the characters, with the exception of Sheila and Eric, are flippant. They would prefer not to acknowledge their duty regarding Eva Smiths demise. A case of duty in the play is when Mr Birling says in Act One. Its about time you figured out how to confront a couple of duties. (Act One). In any case, he, himself and his manufacturing plant don't acknowledge obligation regarding what occurs after Eva leaves. He is a two-timer. His better half, Mrs Birling additionally doesn't confront obligation. She rejects any obligation for Evas passing. She feels that the dad is to be faulted. She says in Act One. I accuse the youngster who was the dad of the kid. (Act Two). Unexpectedly the dad is her child, Eric. Another topic in the play is love. We can discover a few sorts of adoration. The sentimental love of Sheila and Gerald, the family love of siblings and sisters and the examiners love of reality. There are likewise different properties of adoration appeared in the play, for example, appreciation, warmth, reliability and sexual inclination. These sorts/traits of affection are found in the play since Priestley needed to show his crowd whether the characters are earnest. The third topic in the play is lies. They lie to one another, to the examiner and to themselves. The characters attempt to lie so as to escape their duty. A case of lie in the play is when Sheila says to Gerald. How could you come to know this young lady? He at that point misleads his fianci by saying. I didnt. (Act One). At long last, the last subject is class and status. It's anything but a significant topic like different subjects. It gives us that characters like Arthur Birling, esteem their situation in the general public. Towards the finish of the play, Mr Birling says to Inspector Goole when he is going to leave. See, Inspector-Id give thousands-yes thousands. However, the Inspector answers. You are offer ing cash at an inappropriate time. (Act Three). This shows the amount Mr Birling esteems his status. He wouldn't like to obliterate his notoriety in the general public. The play has honey bee set in 1912 only two years before World War One occurred and before the titanic sank. It gives you that individuals like Arthur Birling, the ex-Lord Mayor who is self-important and sure, could at present not be right despite the fact that they have a sense of safety with their cash and force. Toward the start of the novel, he tells his child and Gerald Croft. What's more, I state there isnt a possibility of war. (Alluding to world war one). He additionally says. The Titanic-she cruises one week from now forty 6,000 and 800 tons-forty 6,000 and 800 tons-New York in five days-and each extravagance resilient, absolutely resilient. (Act One). He had a sense of safety and certain about his words that two years after the fact, World War One occurred and the Titanic sank on its Maiden journey. This permits the crowd that they ought not place their destiny in him. The majority of the activities are centered around Sheilas character, the Inspector and the dead Eva Smith . Toward the start of the play, we get a feeling that Sheila is upbeat, enchanted and satisfied with her commitment. She acts juvenile and spoilt when she gets the wedding band from Gerald. She says to her mum when she gets the ring. Goodness its magnificent! Look mummy-isnt it a stunner. You can tell from this that she is energized and excited and that is the reason her activities are that way. Toward the beginning of the play, her connections to different characters are acceptable. They have love for one another. Be that as it may, as the plays proceeds, that connections she had with different characters toward the starting changes. Her sentiments and connections towards the characters changes as she discovers reality with regards to them. She becomes acquainted with the opposite side of the characters she never thought about. On the off chance that we analyzed Sheila and her dads activities, you would discover bunches of contrast between them. For instance, Geralds fianci e co-work with the Inspector, right all through the play. Yet, her dad, from the outset co-works with Inspector Goole, yet then gets oblivious and impolite to him because of his emotions that his status inside the network may discolor. Another model is that the ex-Lord Mayor rejects any obligation for the little youngsters passing and thinks he is guiltless. However, his little girl acknowledges her obligation and even thinks she is liable. So we could now observe the contrast between the two characters. The Birlings evening gathering particularly affects the state of mind and the tone toward the start of the play. We feel their delight and bliss before the Inspector shows up and each one feels good in the dinning room. Notwithstanding, when Inspector Goole shows up, he intrudes on their security and satisfaction. The Birling family and Mr Croft begin to get ungainly and awkward. At the point when the Inspector shows up at the Bilrings house, another mentality shows up in Sheilas character. She turns out to be increasingly curious and begins posing inquiries. She is worried about what is happening. She reacts to the Inspectors inquiries with brief answers. It resembles the Inspector has an effect on her. She changed from being a little youngster into an increasingly full grown young lady. Priestley utilizes the Inspector to make heaps of strain in the play. One model is towards the finish of the night, the Inspector disclosed to us that the little youngster took her life, yet in addition her kid. this young lady would have a youngster. (Act two). This is a stun disclosure. This tosses the crowd and family back and a great deal of pressure and anticipation is developed by Priestley. Mr Birling and Sheila got stressed that it could have been Gerald however the Inspector consoles them it isn't him. No, no. Nothing to do with him. (Act Two). This has made strain and interest in the family and crowd about who the dad of the youngster is. Another model is towards the finish of the show, Gerald discovers that the Inspector was a phony, the Birlings are mitigated, yet minutes after, they get a call from the police disclosing to them that a young lady has kicked the bucket in the hospital and a cop is en route to pose inquiries. Mr Birling says to his family and Gerald Croft. That was the police. A young lady has only kicked the bucket on her way to the clinic in the wake of gulping some disinfectant. Furthermore, a cop is on his way here-to pose a few inquiries. (Act Three). They all look stressed and the window ornaments fall. This has made loads of pressure in the family. They thought they pulled off it, yet this time it is valid and not a deception. When Geralds fianci e hears that her dad sacked Eva, she feels much progressively regretful. She says in Act One wretchedly. So Im mindful? (Act One). In Act Two, she again reprimands herself for driving the little youngster to self destruction. She says. Truly, that is it. Furthermore, I realize I am to be faulted and I am frantically unfortunately I cannot accept I wont trust it-its essentially my issue that at long last she ended it all. That would be excessively appalling. (Act Two. ) Sheila Birling feels guiltier in the wake of hearing that she made her jobless after her dad previously did. J. B. Priestley makes strain and suspension towards the finish of Act One and the start of Act Two by making Act One end right where the Inspector asks Gerald an inquiry and afterward the window ornament falls. This makes strain. The crowd are sitting tight for Geralds answer in the following demonstration. Sheila responds gravely in the wake of catching wind of Geralds summer issue with Daisy Renton. It should be her commitment night, a cheerful second for her and the family however it appeared to have turned awful for the entire family. She battled she found the ideal person however she hears that he has undermined her. She says in the play. Is it safe to say that you were seeing her the previous spring and summer, during when you barely drew close to me and said you was occupied? Right? Indeed, obviously you were. (Act Two). From this statement, we can tell that she isn't satisfied subsequent to catching wind of his mid year issue. My impression of her character here to the start of the play is that Mr Birling s little girl currently realizes life isn't in every case how you anticipate that it should be. There are some ups and down. In the start of the play, she was cheerful and energize d. It was the best snapshot of her life, yet when the Inspector came, everything changed. Presently Sheila is more adult than she was previously. She currently realizes that everything doesn't go as indicated by how you need it to be. Sheilas response continues as before to the Inspector. She is very co-usable with overseer Goole. At the point when she is posed an inquiry, she answers it. In any case, in contrast to different characters, they get irritated with the Inspectors questions. Her capacity in the play, as I would like to think is to cause different characters to admit reality. At the point when the Inspector poses inquiries, she cautions them once in a while to quit acting so quiet and certain nor should they feel that they could mislead the Inspector. She causes different characters on occasion to talk more than the Inspector. For instance, when Inspector Goole is addressing Gerald, Sheila poses more inquiries since she needs to no more insights concerning Geralds summer issue. My impression of Mr and Mrs Birlings girl toward the finish of Act Two is she is feeling frustrated about her mom. She says to her mom. Mother-I beseeched you and implored you to stop-(Act Two). In any case, she would not hear her out and she got disturbed. The state of mind and climate is considerably more tense now of the play. Sheila and Geralds relationship may separate. Her relationship with her mom and father may likewise separate. Likewise everybody needs to know whether Eric is the dad of Eva Smiths youngster. They are for the most part hanging tight for him to enter. The utilization of photog

How Low IQ Scores Are Determined

How Low IQ Scores Are Determined Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Low IQ Scores Are Determined By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 13, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 03, 2020 Alessio Damato, Mikhail Ryazanov / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology While you might often hear a lot of talk about high and low intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, many people arent quite sure what these designations really mean. IQ is short for intelligence quotient, which is a measurement of human intelligence and mental abilities derived from standardized tests. IQ tests include questions that are designed to measure a range of different mental abilities and intellectual potential. These questions focus on things such as spatial recognition, analytical thinking, short-term memory, and mathematical ability. These tests are not meant to measure what a person has learned, but rather what they are capable of doing.   Low IQ scores may be associated with deficits in mental abilities that may impact life areas including school performance and job performance. Low Iq may also affect an individuals ability to live and function independently. What Is a Low IQ Score? An IQ score of 70 or below is considered a low score.?? On most standardized tests of intelligence, the average score is set at 100. Anything over 140 is considered high or genius-level. Approximately 68 percent of all people score somewhere between 85 and 115, the range within 15 points of the average.?? So what does it mean to have a score 70 or below? In the past, an IQ score below 70 was considered a benchmark for mental retardation, an intellectual disability characterized by significant cognitive impairments. Today, however, IQ scores alone are not used to diagnose intellectual disability. Instead, the criteria for diagnosis include an IQ of 70 or below, evidence that these cognitive limitations existed before the age of 18, serious limitations in areas such as learning and reasoning, and severe limitations in adaptive areas such as communication and self-help skills.?? Intellectual disability is the most common type of developmental disorder and affects approximately 0.05 percent to 1.55 percent  of all people. Classifying Low IQ Scores Scores below 85 are often classified in the following way:1 to 24â€"Profound mental disability25 to 39â€"Severe mental disability40 to 54â€"Moderate mental disability55 to 69â€"Mild mental disability70 to 79â€"Borderline mental disability80 to 89â€"Low average What An Average IQ Means History of Low IQ Intelligence quotient is a score derived from a standardized test designed to measure intelligence. IQ tests formally emerged in the early 1900s with the introduction of the Binet-Simon test, which was later revised and became known as the Stanford-Binet. Binet developed his initial test to help the French government identify students with cognitive impairments who needed additional assistance in school.?? IQ tests have proven to be very popular both within psychology and with the general public, but there remains a great deal of controversy about exactly what IQ tests measure and how accurate they are. Older conceptions of low IQ tended to focus purely on cognitive abilities, but more modern approaches also stress how well an individual functions mentally and in areas of everyday life. Individuals with an IQ score below 70 may be diagnosed with an intellectual disability if they also experience impairment in one adaptive domain.?? Examples of such adaptive behaviors include the ability to take care of oneself and the ability to communicate and interact with other people. The term mental retardation was previously used to describe individuals diagnosed with low IQ, but this term is now viewed as an insult and has been largely replaced by the term intellectual developmental disorder or intellectual disability.?? The previous term is still used in some settings, including some diagnostic codes and for insurance purposes. Common Causes of Intellectual Disability The most common causes of intellectual disability include: Genetic conditions such as Down syndromeProblems during pregnancy that impact brain development such as drug and alcohol useLabor and delivery problems, such as not getting enough oxygen at birthInjuries such as head trauma and illnesses such as meningitis and seizure disorders?? Effects of Low IQ Low cognitive ability can present a range of challenges in many different areas of life. Research suggests that low IQ is associated with an increased risk of unsuccessful educational and occupational achievement. Because of the strong link between IQ scores and academic performance, it is important to identify potential problems as soon as possible in order to provide effective interventions and assistance. IQ testing is sometimes used as part of the job screening process. For example, the U.S. military has enlistment standards stipulating that applicants must score at or above the tenth percentile on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). Such scores are roughly equivalent to an IQ score of 85.   IQ scores below 70 may indicate the presence of some type of intellectual disability and may be accompanied by difficulties in functioning including learning, self-care, and independent living. IQ testing is often offered in educational, healthcare, and psychological settings, often to diagnose intellectual disability in children. IQ tests are also available online, but many of these are informal assessments and should not be used for diagnosis purposes. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, around 85% of kids with an intellectual disability score between 55 and 70. IQ scores are just one way of measuring mental abilities. While a doctor or psychiatrist will consider IQ scores when diagnosing intellectual disability, they will also look at other factors including adaptive skills and overall functioning. While knowing your IQ score may help you better understand your needs, IQ alone does not determine success in life. Does a High IQ Lead to Greater Success?

Emotional Intelligence And Professional Success - 1814 Words

Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Introduction Emotional Intelligence 2.0 brings about the idea that the more someone is aware of their own emotions and other peoples emotions they will have a significant increase in personal and professional success by applying strategies from the four core emotional intelligence skills: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The idea of emotional intelligence was first proposed in 1964 and since then other physiologists have added their insights and broken it down into four to five different categories. Emotional intelligence (EQ) was recently defined as one’s ability to recognize own emotions and other people’s emotions and applying this understanding to manage your behavior and relationships (Bradberry Greaves, 2009). With application to the nursing world, having high EQ knowledge will improve roles and functions of nursing, teach fellow coworkers techniques to lead, and help individuals grow in identifying emotions and further underst anding one’s self. History of EQ Micheal Beldoch first introduced the idea of EQ in 1964, in Sensitivity to Expression of Emotional Meaning in Three Modes of Communication, a paper that examined three modes of communication: vocal, musical and graphic, to identify non-verbal emotional expressions (Beldoch, 1964). It was hypothesized that, â€Å"like intelligence, emotional sensitivity might be characterized by a general factor which operated in a variety of media,†Show MoreRelatedThe Importance of Emotional Intelligence at Homeland Security636 Words   |  3 Pagesjourney of inquiry into how important emotional intelligence is for personal and professional success and how emotional intelligence can be an asset to Homeland Security as a whole. While I currently realize the obvious value in emotional intelligence, Id like to determine how important it is overall: for example, even though the benefits that emotional intelligence can provide interpersonally are clear to me, I dont fully realize if its such a professional asset. For instance, a part of me wondersRead MorePsychological Empowerment, Emotional Intelligence And Professional Behavior Among Nurses Interns1371 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Empowerment, Emotional Intelligence and Professional Behavior among Nurses Interns Hind Abdullah Mohamed (1) Amal Sobhy Mahmoud (2) Salwa Ahmed (3) (1) Lecturer of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University. Egypt. (2) Assistant Prof. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University Egypt (3) Lecturer Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Beni Suif University. Egypt. Correspondence Auther: Salwa Ahmed FacultyRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq )1651 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional success is an innate goal of all individuals in their employment. Much success in the workplace can be contributed to one’s emotional intelligence (EQ) or their understanding of emotions in themselves and co-workers which can use to form positive collegial relationships (Cherniss Exetin, 2006). The book Emotional Intelligence 2.0 by Bradberry and Greaves (2009), effectively explains what Emotional Intelligence and provides useful strategies to improve one’s EQ. However, while theRead MoreIndividual Success and Importance of EI and CI1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthe success of an individual. These factors include but are not limited to emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, proactive personality and level of commitment. The topics of emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are popular for the researchers in the last few decades (Rao 2006). 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Gardner has created a multiple intelligence charter school that uses these categories to better teach and shape youngRead MoreWhat Really Matters For Success1090 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologist Dr Daniel Goleman, â€Å"what really matters for success, character, happiness and life long achievements is a definite set of emotional skills† (Goleman). Obs ervations indicate that organizations seek the same set of competencies; emotional intelligence, good judgement, integrity, global mindset, resilience and learning agility (Chamorro-Premuzic, 2015). These competencies, are an intrinsic aspect with regard to workplace performance and success in business. Having an in-depth understanding of myRead MoreEssay The Challenge of Developing Successful Leaders 1237 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Obtaining and developing effective leaders in an organization remains an ever-present concern for the success of the organization, and it is inevitable that current leaders will retire, become promoted, or potentially make a decision to accept a position at another company. Many organizations fail to cultivate the human resources that they already have because; they are unaware of their employees’ potential, they have not implemented a program for mentoring and development, or theyRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Interpersonal Intelligence1478 Words   |  6 Pagessituations regarding emotional intelligence. More specifically, the emotional intelligence faced between the employee and employer relationship. Emotional intelligence can be best defined as the ability to control and express one s emotions in a professional manner. In other words, emotional intelligence is the ability to communicate one s emotions in a manner that is both professional and productive. From this definition we can begin to make connections as to how emotional intelligence could cause problemsRead MoreThe Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Public Accounting949 Words   |  4 Pagestreated in public accounting. Emotional Intelligence is a field of study that emerged in the decade of the 90s as a reaction to the approach of merely cognitive intelligence, adding criticism to the opponents of traditional intelligence tests. The term Emotional Intelligence refers to the human ability to feel, understand, monitor and modify emotional states in oneself and in others. Salovey and Mayer (1990) established a framework to conceptualize Emotional Intelligence. This included a set of skillsRead MoreMy Career Goals, Strengths, Weaknesses, And Weaknesses1003 Words   |  5 Pages(Gregorio, 2012). Within this portfolio, I will examine my own intrapersonal strengths and weaknesses regarding these competencies likely to help me in my general pursuit for professional success. I will specifically reflect on my intrapersonal effectiveness using the Schutte’s Emotional Intelligence scale measure of emotional intelligence and relate these to my future profession. Relating to my chosen profession within a Human Resources managerial position, I will produce effective ideas to improve my weaknesses

Essay on The Poetry of Simon Armitage - 3052 Words

The Poetry of Simon Armitage Simon Armitage was born in Marsden, West Yorkshire in 1963. He studied Geography at Portsmouth, and Psychology at Manchester, qualified as a social worker and worked for six years as a probation officer. He has also worked as a shelf stacker, disc jockey and lathe operator. He is now a freelance writer and broadcaster. His work includes song lyrics, plays and scripts for TV and radio. Armitages first collection, Zoom, was published by Bloodaxe in 1989. Subsequent poetry books, all published by Faber, include Kid (1992), Book of Matches (1993), The Dead Sea Poems (1995), Moon Country (1996) and CloudCuckooLand(1997). Untitled Poem: I am very bothered when I†¦show more content†¦Butterfingered in line 13 is apt because of the clumsiness of the boys attention seeking behaviour, but also because people used to put butter on burns to soothe the pain. How seriously we take the narrators feelings of guilt depends on the tone in which the first line of each stanza is read. I am very bothered is not a particularly strong expression, and one that could be read in a variety of ways. The first line of stanza two is almost laughing at itself because of the exaggerated style. The speaker also seems to want to distance himself from his feelings by saying, in stanza three, Dont believe me, please. This could be part of the awkwardness of a lad who feels he has to play a trick on a girl to get her attention, or it could be the shame or embarrassment of someone looking back on what he was like when he was younger. The structure of the poem is important. It is written in fourteen lines and can be classed as a sonnet, which is a traditional form for love poetry. In one way this could be considered as making fun of this form because it is not a very romantic idea, but on the other hand it is about one persons attempt toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Analysis of Love Poetry from Different Poets731 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Love Poetry from Different Poets As long as there has been poetry there has been ‘love’ poetry. Many poets express their feelings through their writing, therefore many poets write about love and other emotions and feelings attached to it. Different poets have different styles of writing, so approach that particular subject in different ways. â€Å"I am very bothered† by Simon Armitage, â€Å"I wouldn’t thank you for a Valentine† by Liz Lochhead and â€Å"First Ice† by AndreiRead MoreCompare the Methods Armitage and Duffy Use to Convey Their Ideas About1489 Words   |  6 PagesCompare the methods Armitage and Duffy use to convey their ideas about change in the poems you have read so far. Both Carol Ann Duffy and Simon Armitage use a range of methods in their exploration of the theme of change. Duffy s poems tend to be more personal although in her poems about change, such as Pluto and The Captain of the 1964 Top of the Form Team she writes in a male voice which then distances her from the speaker. Armitage writes more universal poems, few of whichRead More Compare at least four poems from the ones you have studied where a1060 Words   |  5 PagesCompare at least four poems from the ones you have studied where a strong dislike for another person is shown. Write about My Last Duches a poem from Duffy, one form Armitage and another from the pre 1914 poetry bank. My Last Duchess was written by Robert Browning and published in 1842. It is based on a real person. Alfonso, Duke of Ferrara (1537-1597), married fourteen year-old Lucrezia de Medici in 1158 when he was twenty one. Three years later she was killed, possibly poisoned. The DukeRead MoreHavisham by Carol Ann Duffy Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesHavisham, Carol Ann Duffy creates an interesting character. Write about the way the character is created, and compare this with the way other characters are created in three other poems. You should compare it with one poem by Simon Armitage and two poems from the pre-1912 poetry bank. In Havisham, Carol Ann Duffy explores the character of Mrs Havisham and develops her by using vivid imagery and metaphors. She starts the poem with ‘Beloved sweetheart bastard’ which is an oxymoron, used to displayRead MoreEssay British Poetry4052 Words   |  17 PagesKnowledge of contemporary British poetry is of great importance when it comes to understanding the reigning trends of England. The 1970s saw a fair amount of polemic concerning the discontinuities of the national traditions, most of it concerned with poetry, all of it vulnerable to a blunt totalizing which demonstrated the triumphant ability of nation to organize literary study and judgment--as it does still, perhaps more than ever. It remains the case twenty years later that there is a strongRead MoreAlfred Lord Tennyson As A Master Of Poetic Rhythm2606 Words   |  11 Pagesmost celebrated and respected poets during the Victorian era. He was hugely influenced by Romantic poets and created powerful and vivid images throughout his poems. Tennyson is also considered to be a master of poetic rhythm. Unlike Tennyson, Simon Armitage a poet of the modern era, studied the effects of television violence on young offenders, and later worked as a probation officer. This was a job in which had great influence on many of the poems from his first collection. In a similar way StevieRead More The Theme of Loss in Poetry Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe Theme of Loss in Poetry Provide a sample of poetry from a range of authors each of whom portray the theme of loss in some way. Anthology Introduction The object of this collection is to provide a sample of poetry from a range of authors each of whom portray the theme of ‘loss’ in some way. ‘Loss’ has been a recurring theme in literature for centuries, from early poets such as William Shakespeare who portrays loss in many of his tragedies including the loss of sanity in ‘King Lear’Read MoreStudy Notes on Out of the Blue by Simon Armitage3230 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of the poem Simon Armitages poem Out of the Blue is taken his from 2008 anthology of the same name. According to the books publishers, the poems in the anthology are presented in the form of a respone to  three separate conflicts, all of which have  changed the  world we live  in. Told from the point of view of an English trader working in the North Tower of the World Trade Centre, the poem forms part of the film Out Of The Blue  commissioned by Channel 5 and broadcast five years afterRead MoreLiterature Marking Scheme9477 Words   |  38 PagesAssessment at a glance Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate* Literature (English) Syllabus code 0476 All candidates take the following: Paper 1 2 hours 15 minutes Set Texts – Open Books Three sections – drama, prose and poetry with a mix of passage-based, essay questions and (on prose and drama texts) empathic questions. There is a choice of three questions on each set text. Paper 2 1 hour 15 minutes Unseen From a choice of two question, each requiring critical

Nationalism Essay †Nationalism Forms Theories †Free Essays

string(78) " an acquired cognitive function and thus it is a part of the collective mind\." Define Nationalism – Nationalism Forms and Theories – our site 1. Introduction What is Nationalism and how do you define NationalismThis essay will discuss definitions and forms of nationalism in an attempt to define nationalism phenomenon. The first section will focus on presenting contemporary and historical definitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism Essay – Nationalism Forms Theories – or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, a brief account of the emergence of nationalism and debates over its origins will be presented. The subsequent section will detail practical and theoretical forms of nationalism and argue for the fact that distinct definitions derive from different theories and forms of nationalism. Define Nationalism To provide a deeper analysis, forms of nationalism and their definitions will be connected with theories of nationalism. Based on these sections, this essay will argue that due to various ramifications of the concept of nationalism, this notion exists in various forms accompanied by a variety of definitions, each serving similar and distinct purposes. Finally, concluding remarks will be drawn based on the evidence presented throughout this essay. 2. Define Nationalism To initiate an analysis of definitions and forms of nationalism, this essay will focus on four main definitions (Smith, 2016; Anderson, 2006, Gellner, 1969 and Khon, 1965). When referring to â€Å"nation† and â€Å"nationality† Smith (2013: 7) defines nationalism based on three generic goals which have emerged from the academic study of this ideology, namely national unity, national autonomy and national identity. In this framework, nationalism is defined as ‘an ideological movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy of unity and identity for a population which some of its members deem to constitute an actual or potential â€Å"nation†.’ However, for Anderson (2006: 211), nations are merely â€Å"imagined communities† as members of these communities will rarely know each other, and thus they will draw upon the concept of nationality from their own imagined population to which they belong to. This idea emerged from earlier concepts elaborated by Gellner (1969) who argued that nationalism is nothing more than the process of imagining nations. A similar definition that focuses on the idea that nationalism is internally felt by the individual was developed by Khon (1965: 9) arguing that: â€Å"Nationalism is a state of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state†. Similar to Smith (2013), Coakley (2012) argues that many of the current definitions on nationalism overlap with each other and also with definitions of other notions, such as the concept of state. The state has been defined as a compulsory political organisation operating on a continuous basis (Weber, 1968) while a nation has been defied as a human population sharing a common territory and culture (Smith, 1991). Each of these terms can be encountered in definitions of nationalism which, according to Coakley (2012)see this concept as a form of political mobilisation or an ideology that justifies this mobilisation and diminishes the barriers between nation and state. As it can be observed from the above, in some areas these explanations converge while in other areas these notions seem to be divergent. Smith (2013) looks at nationalism as being a concept that describes self-governing capacity while Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) see this notion as the process of imagining communities. Similar to Smith (2013), Khon (1965) sees nationalism as connected with the notion of state. It can therefore be argued that nationalism is understood differently by these theoreticians. Finally, it can be observed that notions of self-determination and nationalism seen as an imagined form of identity expression have been maintained from the 19th century (Khon, 1965; Gellner, 1969) to the 21st (Smith, 2013). Thus, the following sections will attempt to uncover the reasons behind these differences. Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today 3. Nationalism Forms and Theories To better understand why a unified definition of nationalism is not established, it is important to look at the epicentre from which nationalism arises. Consequently, a historical analysis of the concept and its subsequent forms, corroborated by theories of nationalism, will be attempted in order to understand this notion. The following section will thus discuss these themes. 3.1. The Emergence of Nationalism Although the word nationalism only emerged in political language after 1840, its importance grew significantly in the 19th century with revolutions across Europe (Hirschi, 2011). In this period, the most significant event involving nationalism occurred in 1914, when a fear of Slav nationalism led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the First World War (Breuilly, 2013). After the war, the Versailles Treaty made reference to notions of â€Å"nation states†, which became the primary concept used by US President Woodrow Wilson when instituting the doctrine of national self-determination (Breuilly, 2013). This action subsequently gave rise to substantial claims of nationalism around the world (Hirschi, 2011). Dahbour (2003) contradicts this, arguing that national self-determination was a response to the colonisation of states which eventually demanded national liberation. Furthermore, self-determination not only gives rise to nationalism but also to ethical and legal citizenship and with it, the ability of a nation to self-govern. As a result, Dahbour (2003) argues that nationalism is a specific claim made for self-determination. Both ideas elaborated by Dahbour (2003) and Breuilly, (2013) are noticeable in the definitions provided by Smith (2013) and Khon (1965). It can therefore be argued that the notion of self-governance and self-determination are connected with the emergence of nationalism and subsequently to its definition. Another opposing view comes from Andersen (2006) who emphasises language, specifically the shared language of a nation. According to this author, nationalism could not have spread and matured without people being able to read about this notion and debate this notion in writing (Andersen 2006). As a result, a cultural element – language- aided in the spread and maturation of nationalism (Andersen, 2006). Nevertheless, this argument does not concern itself with the emergence of nationalism but rather examines its consolidation. However, it emphasises the importance of culture in the definition of nationalism which spirals from a collective mind. This can thus support ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities as shared language is an acquired cognitive function and thus it is a part of the collective mind. You read "Nationalism Essay – Nationalism Forms Theories –" in category "Essay examples" Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay or to get full references Contact Us Today 3.2. Forms of Nationalism Nationalism can be manifested as a state ideology or as a non-state popular movement. These manifestations give rise to five forms of nationalism (ethnic, religious, civic, cultural or ideological) which are used to classify sub-types of nationalism (Chatturvedi, 2005). There are over 10 sub-types of nationalism (Snyder, 2009), some of which seek unity and self-governance for people of certain ethic groups while others seek expansion and economic growth for nations against the global community (Chatturvedi, 2005). Other forms of nationalism have been criticised for hiding racism (i.e. al-right nationalism favouring white supremacy) (Snyder, 2009) while other forms of nationalism seek to bring social unity and equality regardless of ethnicity (i.e. left-wing nationalism) (Maxwell and Maxwell, 2014). Ethnic Nationalism For ethnic nationalism and derivate sub-types, nationalism functions on the principle that a nation can only be defined by its ethnic connection which encompasses shared language, culture, heritage and ancestry. Because of this characteristic, Roshwald (2001) describes this form of nationalism as intolerant and descriptive of authoritarian regimes. Studies (Gil-White, 2006; Sulaiman, 2016) looking into this concept have concluded that similar to nationalism in general, ethnic nationalism is composed of a series of terms that have distinctive definitions, including ethnicity, nation and state. When looking at manifestations of ethic nationalism in the world, research (Sulaiman, 2016) seems to describe similar lines with theory (Roshwald, 2001). This demonstrates thatethnic nationalism leads to conflict, especially in ethnic diverse locations (i.e. Niger Delta) (Sulaiman, 2016). Religious Nationalism Religious nationalism denotes a form of nationalism which relies upon a central religion or dogma that has implications in politics and state affairs (Omer and Springs, 2013). This notion contrasts strongly with modern forms of nationalism and has been described as an irrational form of nationalism (Omer and Springs, 2013: 80). Several real world examples include non-secular states, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the religious law (Sharia Law or the Islamic Law) is the ultimate law of the state (Kavalski, 2016). As ethnic nationalism, religious nationalism shows little to no tolerance for other religious beliefs (Kavalski, 2016), however it does not focus on ethnic unity, but rather on religious unity by repelling any opposing views. Civic Nationalism At the other end of the spectrum, civic nationalism (also referred to as progressive nationalism) advocates for social unity, individual rights and freedoms. This form of nationalism is centred on the idea of a non-xenophobic society, which shows tolerance for all its individuals and strives to provide equality and social justice (Hall, 1998). A practical example of this can be found in Singapore, where the government’s strategy for development derived directly form civic nationalism and globalisation (Brown, 2000). Empirical evidence (Kwan, 2016; Modongal, 2016) shows that while civic nationalism is the driving force of globalisation, it also leads to a dilution of intrinsic values in highly traditional societies (i.e. China). However, civic nationalism, as nationalism, has different forms of interpretation. Focusing on a definition provided by Habermas (1996), Shen (2007: 17) argues that civic nationalism is â€Å"a voluntary selection of allegiance based on values†. If contrasting the two definitions, it can be observed that civic nationalism is defined from a societal-national perspective (Hall, 1998) but also from a global, international perspective (Shen, 2007). Here, nations would accept cooperation with other nations to whom they share similar values. In practice, this rarely occurs (i.e. China and US economic trade), and countries with distinctive cultures will end up in cooperation for economic development; hence the potential for culture dilution (Modongal, 2016). Thus, civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism have a converging point, namely the element of shared culture. The cultural form of nationalism thus defines a middle ground between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism (Fedorenko, 2012; Song, 2009). Hutchinson (1987) argues with historical examples from Arab, Jewish and Hindu nations that cultural nationalism plays a significant part in the building of nations, as it is a shared belief, value and tradition alongside with ethnic heritage which can lead to the consolidation of states. Ideological Nationalism Finally, ideological nationalism is a form of political nationalism which argues for the capacity of nations to self-govern (Smith, 2013). This notion can also be seen Dahbour’s (2003) idea of self-determination as well as in the definition of nationalism provided by Smith (2013). Looking at the history of nationalism two main conclusions can be drawn. The first refers to the fact that nationalism is highly connected with the concept of national identity and claims made for self-governance. Thus it may be argued that early forms of nationalism were ideological in nature and focused on notions of territory, population and self-government. This seems to justify Coakley’s (2012) ideas, according to which definitions of nationalism overlap definitions of state, nations and ethnicity. Secondly, because nationalism comes in various forms and subsequent types, a unified definition of nationalism is most likely unachievable. As a result, different forms of nationalism will aut omatically lead to the conclusion that each form defines a different concept, which although similar in some respects, will also be very distinctive in others. Because the progression of nationalism gave rise to different definitions and forms of nationalism, to better understand their nature, theories on nationalism need to be approached in a structured way (REFERENCE). The next section will therefore look at different theories of nationalism and attempt to set different forms and definitions of nationalism within these theoretical boundaries. 3.3. Four Theories of Nationalism According to Llobera (1999) four main theories dominate the notion of nationalism. These are primordial and socio-biological theories, instrumentalist theories, modernisation theories and evolutionary theories. Primordialists such as Herder and Fichte and more recently Smith and Connor, see nationalism as something which was always present in people but had been reawakened under political self-consciousness (Brown, 2003). Geertz (1973) argues for the concept of given identity, as an individual who is born within a group will receive its identity. Consequently, ethnic boundaries are established which are represented by the individual’s shared experience with family members and the group (Tishkov, 1997). Socio-biologists claims derived from this theory argue that heritage and implicitly ethnicity is passed on genetically (Llobera, 1999). These theories frame the notions of ethnic nationalism and cultural nationalism. Ozkirimli (2017) argues that these two forms of nationalism have their roots in primordial theory. Hutchinson and Smith (1994) have analysed primordialism in depth and argue that human social interaction will take place based on three elements: kin selection, reciprocity and coercion. From this notion, the authors hypothesise that ethnic groups are in fact super-families. Therefore, members of these super-families will be biologically inclined towards cooperation and reciprocity with their own kin while also resorting to some forms of coercion (Hutchinson and Smith, 1994). Conclusively, it can be argued that notions of belonging and indirectly excluding others, encountered in definitions of nationalism derive from these theories. Instrumentalist theories diverge from primordial theories by arguing that ethnic groups can be seen as nations and their boundaries are not fixed, but in fact these can vary according to specific needs (i.e. economic development) (Llobera, 1999). A representative figure in this domain is Barth (1969) who supported this theory by arguing that ethnicity is not a reference to biological or cultural heritage but more a form of social organisation. In Barth’s (1969) assertion, boundaries serve a specific purpose, either biological, ecological, economic, political and/or historical. Transposed, this idea can be encountered in the notion of religious nationalism (Sandler, 2004) where Islamic cultures maintain boundaries for political interest but individuals become a part of their nation when converting to Islam. Modernisation theories strongly oppose primordialism by arguing that nationalism emerged as the result of modern processes, such as industrialisation, favourable political, cultural and socio-economic conditions (Llobera, 1999). Hence, theoreticians who support this claim such as Kohn, Kedourie and Gellne, see nationalism as a modern invention (Hall, 1998). According to Hall (1998) this idea can be seen in notions of civic nationalism and ideological nationalism. Although these three theories show substantial contrasts, the fourth theory of nationalism, namely the Evolutionary theory attempts to bring together the notion of modern and primordial (to some extent). As a result, evolutionary theories argue that indeed, nationalism is a product of modern times; however in Europe, this concept evolved from the ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities corroborated by a form of patriotic nationalism which was present since the medieval period (Llobera, 1999). However, as Smith (1981) observed, in order to pinpoint the emergence of nationalism, an analysis of the transference from medieval to modern needs to be conducted. In order to accomplish this, all societal elements must be considered, including economic, social, political and ideological (Smith, 1981). By assessing the aforementioned theories of nationalism, several elements can be noted. Firstly, the evolutionary theories focus on the emergence of nationalism in Europe, which thus implies that this theory cannot be applied for explaining how nationalism emerged elsewhere (i.e. Hutchinson (1987) on the emergence of nationalism in Hindu nations). However, evolutionary theories can be used to explain the formation of definitions that rely on state and nation. Secondly, primordial, instrumentalist and modern theories of nationalism can be used as frameworks to explain the differences between forms of nationalism and subsequently between definitions of this phenomenon. Another observation that can be made in this case is that nationalism cannot be understood as functioning from a pure ideological, ethnic, dogmatic or religious form. Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this essay, let us know and we will write your essay Contact Us Today As it was discussed, its emergence and consolidation was favoured by specific politic, economic, social and cultural circumstances, while at the same time its development was favoured by the same notions (Smith, 1981). An exemplification of this can be seen in civic nationalism which serves the purpose of developing social inclusion and globalisation (Brown, 2000) while religious nationalism can be seen as a political instrument(Omer and Springs, 2013). Considering the multiple ramifications of this phenomenon, the existence of various forms and definitions of nationalism becomes explainable. 4. Conclusion This essay discussed various definitions and forms of nationalism and argued that a unified definition of nationalism is not likely achievable due to the existence of various forms of this notion. In the first section of this essay, by focusing on four definitions of nationalism issued by Smith (2013), Anderson (2006), Gellner (1969) and Khon (1965) it was observed that these theoreticians have different perceptions over the notion of nationalism. As a result, the emergence of nationalism and its forms was assessed in an attempt to explain these differences. By analysing the emergence of nationalism and its various forms it was noted that each form of nationalism derived its own definition. Furthermore, it was observed that definitions of nationalism are connected with its emergence. Hence the existence of various forms of nationalism cannot be used alone to explain its distinctive definition. To do so, understanding where and how this phenomenon emerged is also important. To provide a structured framework for the various forms and definitions of nationalism, theories of this concept were combined with the identified forms of nationalism and linked with the studied definitions of nationalism. Here, it was observed that definitions of the broad concepts of nationalism fit within the elaborated theories while forms of nationalism also fall within this framework. By assessing current notions of nationalism it can be concluded that the exact emergence of nationalism cannot be pin-pointed however primordial theories (Geertz, 1973) argue that this concept may have innate characteristics, thus it was always present in humans. Secondly, by observing the various forms of nationalism it can be concluded that this concept may have begun as a simple ideology from medieval times however it evolved to serve various purposes resulting in the variety of definitions and forms. Thus, a single definition of nationalism is unlikely to be developed (Hall, 1998). Define Nationalism – To modify or extend this or get full references Contact Us Today Need help with Best AP Books Selection Take a look at http://www.StudyAPExam.com Summary Article Name Define Nationalism Essay – our site – 3000 Words Description From the definition of nationalism to emergence of nationalism, practical theoretical forms conclusion, everything is covered in this 3500 word Nationalism Essay. 1000s of happy students! Author Silvia – our site Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo How to cite Nationalism Essay – Nationalism Forms Theories –, Essay examples

Women in the Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Women in the Renaissance Essay Women in the Renaissance The women of the Renaissance not only experienced a great rebirth in classical humanism, but they also contributed largely in both the artistic and political aspects in the Renaissance. This is proved by the numerous female individuals that still remain as the greatest Renaissance figures in history. The birth of classical humanism in the female world was defended and acknowledged by prominent figures such as Laura Cerate and Lucrative Marginalia. The artistic world of the Renaissance delivered talented artists and musicians like Laving Fontana and Middleman Casually. We will write a custom essay on Women in the Renaissance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now And finally, the most notable characters of the Renaissance was the Queen of England, Elizabeth l. Queen Elizabeth not only was able to rise to a powerful position of political status, but she also had the strength to move the land of England into a period of peace and artistic prosper. Although the Renaissance is highly dominated by the male world, we shouldnt forget the importance of the few female individuals who took advantage of this time of enlightenment and shared with the world, their individuality and intelligence. Women humanists of the Renaissance were limited to the few wealthy aristocrat implies in England. According to The Book of the Courtier, an ideal woman of the Renaissance was one who had the knowledge of classical education to entertain her husband. Although the purpose of educating a woman was solely for the mans entertainment, this idea proved to be a great stepping stone to a womans independence. Most of the educated women in the Renaissance were from upper class families who had the incredible opportunity to give their children a humanistic education. Laura Cerate was from a Breccias Aristocratic family who was fortunate enough to study the art of humanism. She diligently studied throughout her lifetime and was able to form an independent opinion on the views of women in the Renaissance. She wrote a letter called the Defense of Liberal Instruction of Women that intelligently defended the unfortunate, secondary status of women in the Renaissance. She states that women have had a great reputation in contributing to the outside world with their intelligence, and with this statement, she lists off the names of famous women in the past to further argue and prove her position. Cerate explains that the reason there are only a few women humanists was because the omen of the Renaissance were more concerned with their outward appearances and spoiled splendor than the treasure of education, The explanation is clear: women have been able by nature to be exceptional, but have chosen lesser goals. (Firer, 35) It seems that, although gaining a humanistic education as a women was a difficult task, even those who were fortunate enough with the opportunity to learn classical humanism were Just not interested in contributing to the Renaissance. Therefore, we should form greater acknowledgement and respect for the few female individuals who took part of the Renaissance. Another noteworthy individual who gained prominence through her humanistic education was a woman by the name of Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men was the piece that gave her recognition as a humanist and a feminist. Marginalia not only defends women of the Renaissance, but also illustrates her point further by pointing out the defects of men. The Renaissance was not only defined by its humanistic wonders, but was also illustrated in the unique art and talented music of that time. Women contributed largely in that area by playing significant roles in professional singing groups and accomplishing musical compositions. Middleman Casually was a prominent musician during the Renaissance because she was the first female composer to see her works get published. She used word painting to give her pieces more dramatic feeling and sensual moods. .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .postImageUrl , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:visited , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:active { border:0!important; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:active , .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5 .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucadec409ccf308389c6511c7910353d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance And Discovery Essay PaperThere was also a group of all female professional singers called Concerto Dell Done that were famed for their technical and artistic excellence. They ultimately became the model for all other female ensembles around the world. Women who were talented enough had the chance to train as a professional singer. This process slowly began to give women more individuality and they became independently known for their original talent. Along with the music world, the artistic world was also influenced greatly by the womens touch. A notable artist during the Renaissance was a Boldness painter by the name of Laving Fontana. She was largely known for her skillful portraits that later won her fame and recognition for her wedding pieces of the upper class. Although male artists like Leonardo Ad Vinci and Michelangelo have garnered more recognition than female artists like Fontana, the Renaissance proved to be period where creative female individuals had the chance to share their innovative talent with the world. One of the most significant female characters of the Renaissance was a political figure, Queen Elizabeth. Her reign was known as the Elizabethan Era and under her rule there was a thriving of famous playwrights, such as William Shakespeare. She not only encouraged the artistic flourishing, but also helped bring the land of England to a time of peace and prosperity. Her reign is also widely acknowledged as the ruler of Englands golden era and she is considered an ideal Renaissance ruler cause she was gifted with political intelligence and had a desire for exploration and prosperity. To be a successful ruler during the Renaissance, one had to be accepting of new ideas and creativity while maintaining a strong leadership over its people. Not only was Queen Elizabeth able to successfully carry out political power, but she also used the fact that she was a woman to her advantage. Queen Elizabeth was a devoted polities, and she never married because she wanted to keep that option open for upper class men who wanted to pursue her. That way she was able to use them to her advantage because she wasnt tied down to one man. She dedicated her lifestyle for success and is a great example of a woman who gained worldwide recognition as an extraordinary Renaissance fugue. There are arguments claiming that Elizabeth was only successful because she possessed masculine personality traits such as physical bravery, strength, and stamina. Machiavelli also stated that the worst type of ruler is one who is effeminate, in other words, emotional of a woman who carried out charismatic power. Elizabeth did possess these masculine traits, but she also chose to avoid marriage, something that all women were expected to do. She integrated courtships as part of an important process for foreign policies. These extended courtships provided short term diplomatic gains during a long period while marriages only yielded some strategic gains with a costly allegiance. Queen Elizabeth knew this strategy and she strengthened her rule by using her husbandly status to her advancement. The women of the Renaissance took a secondary position to the men of the Renaissance, but that doesnt mean that they didnt have a Renaissance. Although their achievements were not as well known, the Renaissance was the beginning of a omens first steps to individuality. Even though most women during this time werent fortunate enough to gain an education in humanism, the fact that knowledgeable women were coveted have proved that education was now highly regarded in the female world. The Renaissance was a time where women did not have to stay cooped up in the house to be considered an ideal spouse. Women with a classical education background were highly recognized, and this slowly set off a chain reaction of important, influential female figures like Fontana and Cerate.